Cheese may seem like a universal treat, but for some, it’s a matter of faith. Across the world, religion can shape cheese consumption. From dietary laws to ethical practices, understanding these influences can help us appreciate the cultural diversity behind our favourite food. Let’s have a look at some of the most common beliefs and practices around the world.
Kosher cheese for Jewish communities
In Judaism, cheese must follow kosher dietary laws. These laws ensure the separation of meat and dairy, among other requirements. To be kosher:
- The rennet used must come from kosher-slaughtered animals or be microbial or plant-based.
- The milk must come from kosher-certified animals, such as cows or goats.
- Production requires supervision by a rabbi to ensure compliance with all kosher laws.
Cheeses aged for more than six months (like Cheddar) must have additional kosher certification due to stricter laws about ageing. Many popular cheeses, such as Parmesan, are non-kosher due to their use of non-kosher animal rennet.
Halal cheese for Muslims
For Muslims, cheese must meet halal standards, which are rooted in Islamic dietary laws. Halal cheese must adhere to these principles:
- The rennet cannot be derived from haram (forbidden) sources, such as pork or improperly slaughtered animals.
- Alcohol, which is sometimes used in cheese flavouring or processing, is strictly prohibited.
- Many Muslims prefer cheese with halal certification to ensure all ingredients and processes align with Islamic law.
Certain cheeses, like traditional French Brie, are often non-halal due to the use of animal-derived rennet or alcohol in their production. However, halal-certified and vegetarian-labelled cheeses are widely available to accommodate Muslim consumers.
Vegetarian cheese for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains
Hindus, Buddhists and Jains often avoid cheese made with animal-derived rennet.
- Jains are particularly strict, as their principle of ahimsa (nonviolence) extends to all living beings, including microbes. They often choose vegan cheeses to avoid harm caused in dairy production.
- Hindus, who view cows as sacred, often prefer cheeses that don’t involve cruelty to cows, such as those made with microbial rennet.
- Buddhists, especially in Mahayana traditions, may adopt vegan or vegetarian diets as a spiritual practice to reduce harm to animals.
Veganism in some religions
Some faiths go beyond vegetarianism and require or strongly encourage veganism due to beliefs in nonviolence, compassion and respect for all living beings. Here are examples:
Jainism
Jainism is one of the religions most closely associated with strict veganism.
- Ahimsa (nonviolence) is a core principle of Jainism, extending not just to humans but to all living beings.
- Jains avoid harming any living organisms, including those involved in dairy production, as it often involves exploitation and harm to animals.
- Many Jains are vegan, avoiding all animal products, including milk and honey.
Certain Buddhist sects
Some Buddhist traditions encourage veganism or vegetarianism as part of practising ahimsa.
- Monks and lay followers in Mahayana Buddhism, particularly in East Asia, often adopt vegan diets to avoid harming animals.
- In Theravāda Buddhism, monks rely on alms and may eat what is offered, but lay Buddhists may choose veganism for ethical reasons.
Rastafarianism
The Rastafarian Ital diet often aligns with veganism.
- Ital focuses on natural, unprocessed, and plant-based foods to promote a connection to nature and purity.
- Many Rastafarians avoid animal products, particularly meat and dairy, though interpretations vary.
Certain Hindu and spiritual sects
While Hinduism traditionally emphasises vegetarianism, some sects advocate for veganism.
- The belief that cows are sacred in Hinduism leads some to reject dairy, as modern practices are seen as harmful to cows.
- Followers of ISKCON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness) often advocate for avoiding exploitative practices, and some choose veganism for this reason.
Environmental and ethical vegan movements
Though not a religion in the traditional sense, some spiritual movements advocate for veganism based on ethical or environmental principles.
- For example, movements like Seventh-day Adventists encourage vegetarianism, with some members embracing veganism for health and ethical reasons.
In these faiths and practices, veganism is often seen as a way to align with spiritual principles of compassion, purity, and respect for life.
Fasting and cheese in Orthodox Christianity
Orthodox Christians observe fasting periods throughout the year, with Lent being the most significant. During these periods:
- Dairy, including cheese, is avoided, alongside meat and other animal products.
- Some Orthodox Christians also avoid olive oil and wine during fasting periods, depending on the specific rules of their church.
- These fasting traditions are a spiritual discipline meant to focus the faithful on prayer, humility, and self-control.
In Orthodox traditions, the fasting calendar is extensive. For example, fasting is required on most Wednesdays and Fridays, in addition to longer fasting periods.
How cheesemakers are adapting
Cheesemakers worldwide are evolving to meet the diverse dietary needs shaped by religious beliefs. This shift not only caters to growing markets but also promotes inclusivity and cultural awareness. Here’s how the cheese industry is adapting:
Producing faith-compliant cheeses
Cheesemakers are increasingly seeking certifications to ensure their products are accessible to a wider audience:
- Halal certification ensures compliance with Islamic dietary laws by using microbial or plant-based rennet and avoiding alcohol in production. This makes traditional cheese varieties like Gouda or Mozzarella suitable for Muslim consumers.
- Kosher certification involves rabbinical supervision and adherence to strict kosher laws, making it possible for Jewish consumers to enjoy classic cheeses like Cheddar and Swiss.
Creating vegan and vegetarian options
To cater to the growing number of vegetarians and vegans influenced by religious or ethical beliefs:
For vegetarians, microbial or plant-based rennet is used instead of traditional animal rennet. Many major cheese brands now label their products as “vegetarian-friendly”.
Cheesemakers are developing plant-based cheeses made from almonds, cashews, soy or oat milk. These options mimic the taste and texture of traditional cheese while avoiding animal products.
Emphasising transparency
Cheesemakers are improving transparency in their processes to build trust with diverse consumer groups:
- Detailed ingredient lists highlight the source of rennet, whether microbial, plant-based or animal-derived.
- Certifications (e.g., halal, kosher or vegan labels) are clearly displayed on packaging to help consumers make informed choices.
Collaborating with religious authorities
Cheesemakers are partnering with religious leaders and organisations to ensure authenticity and compliance:
- Halal and kosher authorities work closely with producers to certify cheeses meet rigorous standards.
- Jain organisations collaborate with companies to promote vegan options that align with their principles.
By embracing these changes, the cheese industry is becoming more inclusive, catering to the unique needs of diverse religious and cultural groups. This evolution fosters understanding and respect, making cheese a truly global food that unites people from all walks of life.
Summary of religious dietary requirements for cheese
This table summarises the core dietary requirements and preferences across different religious traditions for cheese consumption. It’s a handy guide to understanding how faith impacts food choices!
| Religion/Tradition | Dietary Requirements for Cheese | Additional Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Judaism (Kosher) | Must use kosher rennet (microbial, plant-based, or from kosher-slaughtered animals). | Cheese aged >6 months requires stricter supervision. |
| Milk must come from kosher-certified animals (e.g., cows, goats). | Production requires rabbinical supervision. | |
| Islam (Halal) | Rennet cannot be derived from pork or improperly slaughtered animals. | Alcohol in flavouring or processing is prohibited. |
| Microbial or plant-based rennet is often used. | Halal certification ensures compliance with Islamic dietary laws. | |
| Hinduism | Avoid cheese made with animal-derived rennet. | Cows are sacred; non-cruelty in dairy production is preferred. |
| Buddhism | Certain sects avoid cheese made with animal rennet. | Many Mahayana Buddhists adopt vegetarian or vegan diets. |
| Jainism | Avoid all harm to animals and living beings, including microbes. | Often choose vegan cheese to uphold ahimsa (nonviolence). |
| Rastafarianism (Ital diet) | Prefer natural, plant-based, and minimally processed foods. | Often aligns with veganism; avoids animal products. |
| Orthodox Christianity | Avoid cheese and all dairy products during fasting periods, such as Lent. | Fasting also includes avoiding meat, and sometimes olive oil and wine. |
| General Fasting Traditions | Cheese is restricted in various fasting traditions (e.g., Orthodox Christians, certain Hindu fasts). | Fasting disciplines focus on prayer, humility, and self-control. |
Conclusion
Religion shapes how people eat and enjoy cheese, offering a fascinating glimpse into the intersection of food and faith. Whether you’re sharing a meal with friends from different traditions or shopping for a cheese board, understanding these dietary influences fosters inclusivity and respect.
Looking for the perfect cheese to suit everyone’s needs? Check out our guide to halal, kosher, vegetarian and vegan cheeses to find options for any gathering.
Cheese lover. Scientist. Created a website and a Youtube channel about cheese science because he could not find answers to his questions online.
